In recent years, group co-founder Donald Manning has performed internationally under the name The Abyssinians with his brother Carlton Manning (of Carlton & The Shoes) and singer David Morrison. In Jamaica, Bernard Collins has long been known as ‘The Abyssinian’ and performed on stage shows with longtime associate George Henry. In 2004, Donald Manning & Bernard Collins reunited on stage for the first time in over ten years, performing on tour across Europe and at Colorado’s Reggae on the Rocks.

In the late 1990s, Donald Manning collected many of the last recordings of the original group and released 19.95 + Tax (Artists Only). In 1998, Collins oversaw the CD release of his first solo album, Last Days (TABOU.1). The album collects tracks recorded over a span of twelve years, including the balance of the last recordings of the original line-up not included on 19.95 + Tax.

Until Heartbeat Records reissued Satta Massagana (a.k.a. Forward Onto Zion) in 1993, few groups in reggae were more of an enigma than the Abyssinians. Only in the past five years has a solid picture of this key trio emerged. Bernard Collins and Donald Manning have given thorough interviews, and the Mannings family version of the Abyssinians began touring the US in 1997.

"Satta Massagana," recorded at Coxson Dodd’s Jamaica Recording Studio in 1969, has been referred to as "reggae’s national anthem." The recording session that yielded "Satta" was arranged and financed independently and clearly marked a turning point for reggae -- lyrically, rhythmically, and spiritually.

Donald Manning explains how the song was born. "Carlton [Manning] wrote ‘Happy Land’ [b-side to ‘Love Me Forever’] with lyrics, ‘There is a land far, far away, where there’s no night, there’s only day. Look into the book of life, and you will see that there’s a land far, far away.’"

"Satta Massagana" (meaning ‘give thanks’) is obviously notable for its use of Amharic, the language of Ethiopia (Abyssinia). The Amharic is a result of Donald Manning’s Rastafarian influence on the group. The study of Amharic in Kingston in the 60s was a function of the post-colonial, Pan-African identity and Rastafarian awareness sweeping the ghetto after Haile Selassie’s 1966 visit to the island. Collins recalls how Donald’s brother Neville used to teach Amharic in the Jonestown area of Kingston. "[He] was a man who used to . . . have classes around there, where we could all go and learn the language, cause he used to get books from Ethiopia through England -- Ethiopian opinions. And those books contain all literatures that we need . . . That’s how come we get acquainted with the Amharic . . . Bredren from all about used to come there and learn."

Donald Manning explains the Amharic in some of the group’s well-known compositions. "Tena Yi Stillin. Dina Igzhabhier Y Mas Gan. Satta Massagana.’ When I say ‘Dina’ means ‘good,’ ‘Igzhabier’ means ‘God,’ ‘Y Mas Gan,’ [means] ‘he may be praised,’ so I correct the mistake that I made by singing ‘Satta Massagana’ [to God]. ‘Tena Yi Stillin’ means ‘greetings.’ It means ‘good morning.’ It means ‘good bye.’ It means ‘good afternoon.’ It means ‘health, may He give for thee.’"

The legendary "Satta" recording session included Leroy Sibbles on bass, Fil Callendar on drums, Eric Frater on guitar, Robbie Lyn on keyboards, Vin Gordon on trombone and Felix "Deadley Headley" Bennett on saxophone. "That tune really, no one specially [gave] a specific arrangement to that song," recalls Bernard Collins. "We went there singing the song on our guitars. Cause we had like the melody progression. So we went there playing the chords and everything on the guitar, and while we play, everybody just came in. Cause these men were professional musicians . . . You haffe say they did all the arrangement really, Leroy Sibbles feel out his own bass line, Deadley Headley . . . cause we didn't go in there with no special arrangement -- just the basic chords and the progression of the song and the melody. Is just a vibes tune.

"[We] released it first on Clinch, it was released as ‘Far Away Land.’ It wasn’t till after a time, Donald Manning say we should call it ‘Satta Massagana,’ and then we actually register the song as ‘Satta Massagana,’ [with] all three members owning the copyright. All three of us rallied around to help get it pressed, get to the record shops, and everything.

"We record that song [‘Satta’] in March 1969, and it wasn’t till about 1970 that [producer] Joe Gibbs actually [remade] a recording of it. He was the first one who did a rerecording version, [which] he called ‘A So,’ an instrumental with the Destroyers. That him do [with] Tommy McCook, Bobby Ellis, and him come by some other hornsmen. And it playin on the radio. It [was] just an instrumental. But . . . instrumental versions just bring back the record right back to the people, because when it [was] released first, it used to just play in the dancehall. Because ‘Satta’ is really a dancehall tune in those days. Home buyers never have it. It was just sound system people, but it wasn’t until Joe Gibbs bring out this version that everybody start going at this song."

The original "Satta" recording was ‘versioned’ (remixed and/or re-voiced) more than a dozen times, including the Abyssinians’ own remake "Mabrak," a direct response to Joe Gibbs’ "A So." Instrumentals included "Thunderstorm" featuring Bongo Herman, and several Tommy McCook/Vivien Hall horn overdubs including "Mandela." Collins later re-voiced the song as "Satta Me No Born Yah." Prince Far I, Big Youth, Dillinger and others also took shots at the rhythm. Since its debut in 1969, nearly every producer in reggae has remade "Satta," and literally hundreds of remakes of the song exist.

Carlton Manning’s key role in mentoring the Abyssinians is comparable to the role Joe Higgs played with the Wailers years earlier. Not only did Carlton Manning coach the trio in the minor chord harmony singing that would define its style, but he taught Donald to play the guitar. Donald Manning recalls his brother’s efforts. "Most of the harmony that we sing, Carlton teach us, because me and Bernard was singing together and Carlton told me that because I was playing the guitar, Bernard will sing [more] leads than I do . . . so I must sing the harmony."

Carlton Manning explains how the minor chord harmony style that he developed with The Shoes characterized The Abyssinians. "[My] harmonies are mainly minor chords on a 7^th, 9^th, 13^th [tertian (3rds)] harmony. If you know the [guitar], you deal with the chords and formulate the harmonies from there if the artists can take it. Minor chords are intricate. The scales are not the regular scales. You have to know what you’re doing musically. [That’s how] you get the Far East sound."

From the early to mid-70s, the Abyssinians recorded sparingly, but the quality of the group’s work was remarkable. Bernard Collins returned to Studio One in 1970 (without the Manning brothers) to record "Declaration of Rights" with George Henry and Leroy Sibbles singing backing vocals. The recording featured an essential arrangement and organ melody by Jackie Mittoo and rhythm by Leroy Sibbles on bass and Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace on drums. Notably, the song was one of Bob Marley’s favorites, and a lyrical influence can be heard on The Wailers’ well-known "Get Up, Stand Up" recorded in 1973.

The next Abyssinians recording sessions yielded "Let My Days Be Long" and "Poor Jason Whyte," both released as 45s on the group’s Clinch label. Another of the group’s most enduring tracks was "Y Mas Gan," recorded for Lloyd "Matador" Daley in 1972. Other singles, including "Reason Time," "Leggo Beast," and "Love Comes and Goes" followed by the mid-70s.

The Abyssinians’ first full album was recorded in 1976 and is regarded as one of the greatest in the history of Jamaican music. The sessions were supervised by Clive Hunt and resulted in the album known both as Forward Onto Zion and Satta Massagana. Every track exudes the spiritual essence of the Abyssinians. Regrettably, the tapes were pirated, and the album didn’t see legitimate release until Heartbeat (US) and Blue Moon (France) released it in the mid-90s.

Collins recalls the sessions for the album. "It’s a really original album. Everybody put themself in it. I know I put myself deep in that album. And I figure the other bredren also.

"The story is . . . you have a company at that time here name Sound Tracs [run by] Pat Cooper. You had guys like Clive Hunt, Geoffrey Chung, Mikey Chung -- all of the top notch [musicians] working with the company. Donald told me these people would like to record the album, so we went there and lay down ten tracks. . . but before the album finish is like . . . something went wrong within the company. I don't know what go wrong, but the director of the company actually went away to the States. Clive Hunt had the tapes, and when we check Clive Hunt fe find out what going on with the album, he told us that everybody gone, and the most him can do is take the tape and try and make some money for himself. So him start printing the records here [in Jamaica]."

The group’s deeply spiritual, africentric lyrics were crystallized on virtually every cut on the album, and it featured remakes of "Satta," "Declaration of Rights," and "Y Mas Gan." Donald Manning’s masterpiece "African Race" is one of defining compositions of the album and of the group’s career. After a seductively beautiful acoustic guitar solo by Mikey Chung, the song erupts into a chilling roots anthem. The lyrics speak with pride of African heritage and survival of slavery. Donald Manning explains the inspiration. "I went to the movie theater in Jamaica name Tropical. And them was showing a movie . . . them was bringing slave from Africa, and the movie make I cry . . . when I see what them do to the slave them. When them was rowing the boat, the man beat the drum for them to pull the oar . . . and when them could not row the boat anymore, them throw them overboard and some of them die. Some of them jump overboard and a lot of different, wicked, evil things happen. That's why I make that song, 'we are the slave descendent from the African race. We are proud, it's no disgrace.’"

Despite the illegitimate release of the Clive Hunt sessions, the success of the "Tenayistillin" single in England gained the Abyssinians enough credibility with Virgin that the group became one of the crop signed to the UK giant in 1978. The fruit of the Virgin deal was the Arise album, a good effort but certainly not the cornerstone that the group needed for international commercial success. The underexposure of the Clive Hunt sessions was one of the major tragedies of the Abyssinians’ career.

The group gained some exposure through its performance at Sunsplash II in 1979, although the performance was not included on the documentary film of the event.

Forward, released in 1982 by Alligator in the US, collected some early tracks like "Jerusalem" (b-side to the original "Satta" 45), "Mabrak," "Peculiar Number," several superb Bernard Collins solo cuts, plus "Forward Onto Zion" and the remake of "Satta," both from the Clive Hunt sessions.

The Abyssinians were inactive during the mid-80s, because Linford Manning left Jamaica in 1980, and Donald left in 1984. Bernard Collins went to New York in 1986 to work on an album at Phillip Smart’s HC&F studio on Long Island. Many of those tracks would be used for the Last Days album. The Abyssinians would play Sunsplash in Jamaica in 1989 and in Europe in 1990, and then Linford Manning left the group for good. The group performed again on Sunsplash 92 in Montego Bay.

During the 90s, the Forward album was released on CD (Musidisc), as well as set called Best Of (Musidisc), which features many hard to find singles from the early years of the group. Satta Dub (TABOU.1) and Declaration of Dub (Heartbeat) feature Karl Pitterson dub mixes of many tracks from the Clive Hunt sessions alongside other selected dubs. Virgin reissued Arise on CD in the early 90s.

Collins understands the struggle the Abyssinians still must endure to ensure the name is known and remembered. "In Jamaica here now, the Abyssinians do have a name, yes, in a certain area. If you call upon ‘Satta Massagana,’ ‘Declaration of Rights,’ everybody knows those songs, but if you say ‘Abyssinians’ to most of the young youths, they don’t know. Sometime them don’t even know what the word ‘Abyssinian’ mean. They never hear that word before. But if you say ‘Satta Massagana’ or ‘Declaration of Rights,’ they know the song."